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""" __author__ = "R B Wilkinson" __date__ = "09/12/11" __copyright__ = "(C) 2011 Science and Technology Facilities Council" __license__ = "BSD - see LICENSE file in top-level directory" __contact__ = "Philip.Kershaw@stfc.ac.uk" __revision__ = '$Id$' import logging from optparse import OptionParser import os import sys if sys.version_info[0] > 2: import http.cookiejar as cookiejar_ import http.client as http_client_ from urllib.request import Request as Request_ from urllib.request import HTTPHandler as HTTPHandler_ from urllib.request import HTTPCookieProcessor as HTTPCookieProcessor_ from urllib.request import HTTPBasicAuthHandler as HTTPBasicAuthHandler_ from urllib.request import HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm as \ HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm_ from urllib.request import ProxyHandler as ProxyHandler_ from urllib.error import HTTPError as HTTPError_ import urllib.parse as urlparse_ else: import cookielib as cookiejar_ import httplib as http_client_ from urllib2 import Request as Request_ from urllib2 import HTTPHandler as HTTPHandler_ from urllib2 import HTTPCookieProcessor as HTTPCookieProcessor_ from urllib2 import HTTPBasicAuthHandler as HTTPBasicAuthHandler_ from urllib2 import HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm as \ HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm_ from urllib2 import ProxyHandler as ProxyHandler_ from urllib2 import HTTPError as HTTPError_ import urlparse as urlparse_ from ndg.httpsclient.urllib2_build_opener import build_opener from ndg.httpsclient.https import HTTPSContextHandler from ndg.httpsclient import ssl_context_util log = logging.getLogger(__name__) class AccumulatingHTTPCookieProcessor(HTTPCookieProcessor_): """Cookie processor that adds new cookies (instead of replacing the existing ones as HTTPCookieProcessor does) """ def http_request(self, request): """Processes cookies for a HTTP request. @param request: request to process @type request: urllib2.Request @return: request @rtype: urllib2.Request """ COOKIE_HEADER_NAME = "Cookie" tmp_request = Request_(request.get_full_url(), request.data, {}, request.origin_req_host, request.unverifiable) self.cookiejar.add_cookie_header(tmp_request) # Combine existing and new cookies. new_cookies = tmp_request.get_header(COOKIE_HEADER_NAME) if new_cookies: if request.has_header(COOKIE_HEADER_NAME): # Merge new cookies with existing ones. old_cookies = request.get_header(COOKIE_HEADER_NAME) merged_cookies = '; '.join([old_cookies, new_cookies]) request.add_unredirected_header(COOKIE_HEADER_NAME, merged_cookies) else: # No existing cookies so just set new ones. request.add_unredirected_header(COOKIE_HEADER_NAME, new_cookies) return request # Process cookies for HTTPS in the same way. https_request = http_request class URLFetchError(Exception): """Error fetching content from URL""" def fetch_from_url(url, config, data=None, handlers=None): """Returns data retrieved from a URL. @param url: URL to attempt to open @type url: basestring @param config: SSL context configuration @type config: Configuration @return data retrieved from URL or None """ return_code, return_message, response = open_url(url, config, data=data, handlers=handlers) if return_code and return_code == http_client_.OK: return_data = response.read() response.close() return return_data else: raise URLFetchError(return_message) def fetch_from_url_to_file(url, config, output_file, data=None, handlers=None): """Writes data retrieved from a URL to a file. @param url: URL to attempt to open @type url: basestring @param config: SSL context configuration @type config: Configuration @param output_file: output file @type output_file: basestring @return: tuple ( returned HTTP status code or 0 if an error occurred returned message boolean indicating whether access was successful) """ return_code, return_message, response = open_url(url, config, data=data, handlers=handlers) if return_code == http_client_.OK: return_data = response.read() response.close() outfile = open(output_file, "w") outfile.write(return_data) outfile.close() return return_code, return_message, return_code == http_client_.OK def fetch_stream_from_url(url, config, data=None, handlers=None): """Returns data retrieved from a URL. @param url: URL to attempt to open @type url: basestring @param config: SSL context configuration @type config: Configuration @param data: HTTP POST data @type data: str @param handlers: list of custom urllib2 handlers to add to the request @type handlers: iterable @return: data retrieved from URL or None @rtype: file derived type """ return_code, return_message, response = open_url(url, config, data=data, handlers=handlers) if return_code and return_code == http_client_.OK: return response else: raise URLFetchError(return_message) def open_url(url, config, data=None, handlers=None): """Attempts to open a connection to a specified URL. @param url: URL to attempt to open @param config: SSL context configuration @type config: Configuration @param data: HTTP POST data @type data: str @param handlers: list of custom urllib2 handlers to add to the request @type handlers: iterable @return: tuple ( returned HTTP status code or 0 if an error occurred returned message or error description response object) """ debuglevel = 1 if config.debug else 0 # Set up handlers for URL opener. if config.cookie: cj = config.cookie else: cj = cookiejar_.CookieJar() # Use a cookie processor that accumulates cookies when redirects occur so # that an application can redirect for authentication and retain both any # cookies for the application and the security system (c.f., # urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor which replaces cookies). cookie_handler = AccumulatingHTTPCookieProcessor(cj) if not handlers: handlers = [] handlers.append(cookie_handler) if config.debug: http_handler = HTTPHandler_(debuglevel=debuglevel) https_handler = HTTPSContextHandler(config.ssl_context, debuglevel=debuglevel) handlers.extend([http_handler, https_handler]) if config.http_basicauth: # currently only supports http basic auth auth_handler = HTTPBasicAuthHandler_(HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm_()) auth_handler.add_password(realm=None, uri=url, user=config.http_basicauth[0], passwd=config.http_basicauth[1]) handlers.append(auth_handler) # Explicitly remove proxy handling if the host is one listed in the value of # the no_proxy environment variable because urllib2 does use proxy settings # set via http_proxy and https_proxy, but does not take the no_proxy value # into account. if not _should_use_proxy(url, config.no_proxy): handlers.append(ProxyHandler_({})) log.debug("Not using proxy") elif config.proxies: handlers.append(ProxyHandler_(config.proxies)) log.debug("Configuring proxies: %s" % config.proxies) opener = build_opener(*handlers, ssl_context=config.ssl_context) headers = config.headers if headers is None: headers = {} request = Request_(url, data, headers) # Open the URL and check the response. return_code = 0 return_message = '' response = None try: response = opener.open(request) return_message = response.msg return_code = response.code if log.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG): for index, cookie in enumerate(cj): log.debug("%s : %s", index, cookie) except HTTPError_ as exc: return_code = exc.code return_message = "Error: %s" % exc.msg if log.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG): log.debug("%s %s", exc.code, exc.msg) except Exception as exc: return_message = "Error: %s" % exc.__str__() if log.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG): import traceback log.debug(traceback.format_exc()) return (return_code, return_message, response) def _should_use_proxy(url, no_proxy=None): """Determines whether a proxy should be used to open a connection to the specified URL, based on the value of the no_proxy environment variable. @param url: URL @type url: basestring or urllib2.Request """ if no_proxy is None: no_proxy_effective = os.environ.get('no_proxy', '') else: no_proxy_effective = no_proxy urlObj = urlparse_.urlparse(_url_as_string(url)) for np in [h.strip() for h in no_proxy_effective.split(',')]: if urlObj.hostname == np: return False return True def _url_as_string(url): """Returns the URL string from a URL value that is either a string or urllib2.Request.. @param url: URL @type url: basestring or urllib2.Request @return: URL string @rtype: basestring """ if isinstance(url, Request_): return url.get_full_url() elif isinstance(url, str): return url else: raise TypeError("Expected type %r or %r" % (str, Request_)) class Configuration(object): """Connection configuration. """ def __init__(self, ssl_context, debug=False, proxies=None, no_proxy=None, cookie=None, http_basicauth=None, headers=None): """ @param ssl_context: SSL context to use with this configuration @type ssl_context: OpenSSL.SSL.Context @param debug: if True, output debugging information @type debug: bool @param proxies: proxies to use for @type proxies: dict with basestring keys and values @param no_proxy: hosts for which a proxy should not be used @type no_proxy: basestring @param cookie: cookies to set for request @type cookie: cookielib.CookieJar (python 3 - http.cookiejar) @param http_basicauth: http authentication, or None @type http_basicauth: tuple of (username,password) @param headers: http headers @type headers: dict """ self.ssl_context = ssl_context self.debug = debug self.proxies = proxies self.no_proxy = no_proxy self.cookie = cookie self.http_basicauth = http_basicauth self.headers = headers def main(): '''Utility to fetch data using HTTP or HTTPS GET from a specified URL. ''' parser = OptionParser(usage="%prog [options] url") parser.add_option("-c", "--certificate", dest="cert_file", metavar="FILE", default=os.path.expanduser("~/credentials.pem"), help="Certificate file - defaults to $HOME/credentials.pem") parser.add_option("-k", "--private-key", dest="key_file", metavar="FILE", default=None, help="Private key file - defaults to the certificate file") parser.add_option("-t", "--ca-certificate-dir", dest="ca_dir", metavar="PATH", default=None, help="Trusted CA certificate file directory") parser.add_option("-d", "--debug", action="store_true", dest="debug", default=False, help="Print debug information.") parser.add_option("-p", "--post-data-file", dest="data_file", metavar="FILE", default=None, help="POST data file") parser.add_option("-f", "--fetch", dest="output_file", metavar="FILE", default=None, help="Output file") parser.add_option("-n", "--no-verify-peer", action="store_true", dest="no_verify_peer", default=False, help="Skip verification of peer certificate.") parser.add_option("-a", "--basicauth", dest="basicauth", metavar="USER:PASSWD", default=None, help="HTTP authentication credentials") parser.add_option("--header", action="append", dest="headers", metavar="HEADER: VALUE", help="Add HTTP header to request") (options, args) = parser.parse_args() if len(args) != 1: parser.error("Incorrect number of arguments") url = args[0] if options.debug: logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.DEBUG) if options.key_file and os.path.exists(options.key_file): key_file = options.key_file else: key_file = None if options.cert_file and os.path.exists(options.cert_file): cert_file = options.cert_file else: cert_file = None if options.ca_dir and os.path.exists(options.ca_dir): ca_dir = options.ca_dir else: ca_dir = None verify_peer = not options.no_verify_peer if options.data_file and os.path.exists(options.data_file): data_file = open(options.data_file) data = data_file.read() data_file.close() else: data = None if options.basicauth: http_basicauth = options.basicauth.split(':', 1) else: http_basicauth = None headers = {} if options.headers: for h in options.headers: key, val = h.split(':', 1) headers[key.strip()] = val.lstrip() # If a private key file is not specified, the key is assumed to be stored in # the certificate file. ssl_context = ssl_context_util.make_ssl_context(key_file, cert_file, None, ca_dir, verify_peer, url) config = Configuration(ssl_context, options.debug, http_basicauth=http_basicauth, headers=headers) if options.output_file: return_code, return_message = fetch_from_url_to_file( url, config, options.output_file, data)[:2] raise SystemExit(return_code, return_message) else: data = fetch_from_url(url, config) print(data) if __name__=='__main__': logging.basicConfig() main()