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Why do this? Without it, the Python 2 bytes object is a very, very different beast to the Python 3 bytes object. """ from collections import Iterable from numbers import Integral import string from future.utils import istext, isbytes, PY3, with_metaclass from future.types import no, issubset from future.types.newobject import newobject _builtin_bytes = bytes if PY3: # We'll probably never use newstr on Py3 anyway... unicode = str class BaseNewBytes(type): def __instancecheck__(cls, instance): if cls == newbytes: return isinstance(instance, _builtin_bytes) else: return issubclass(instance.__class__, cls) class newbytes(with_metaclass(BaseNewBytes, _builtin_bytes)): """ A backport of the Python 3 bytes object to Py2 """ def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): """ From the Py3 bytes docstring: bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes bytes() -> empty bytes object Construct an immutable array of bytes from: - an iterable yielding integers in range(256) - a text string encoded using the specified encoding - any object implementing the buffer API. - an integer """ encoding = None errors = None if len(args) == 0: return super(newbytes, cls).__new__(cls) elif len(args) >= 2: args = list(args) if len(args) == 3: errors = args.pop() encoding=args.pop() # Was: elif isinstance(args[0], newbytes): # We use type() instead of the above because we're redefining # this to be True for all unicode string subclasses. Warning: # This may render newstr un-subclassable. if type(args[0]) == newbytes: # Special-case: for consistency with Py3.3, we return the same object # (with the same id) if a newbytes object is passed into the # newbytes constructor. return args[0] elif isinstance(args[0], _builtin_bytes): value = args[0] elif isinstance(args[0], unicode): try: if 'encoding' in kwargs: assert encoding is None encoding = kwargs['encoding'] if 'errors' in kwargs: assert errors is None errors = kwargs['errors'] except AssertionError: raise TypeError('Argument given by name and position') if encoding is None: raise TypeError('unicode string argument without an encoding') ### # Was: value = args[0].encode(**kwargs) # Python 2.6 string encode() method doesn't take kwargs: # Use this instead: newargs = [encoding] if errors is not None: newargs.append(errors) value = args[0].encode(*newargs) ### elif isinstance(args[0], Iterable): if len(args[0]) == 0: # This could be an empty list or tuple. Return b'' as on Py3. value = b'' else: # Was: elif len(args[0])>0 and isinstance(args[0][0], Integral): # # It's a list of integers # But then we can't index into e.g. frozensets. Try to proceed # anyway. try: values = [chr(x) for x in args[0]] value = b''.join(values) except: raise ValueError('bytes must be in range(0, 256)') elif isinstance(args[0], Integral): if args[0] < 0: raise ValueError('negative count') value = b'\x00' * args[0] else: value = args[0] return super(newbytes, cls).__new__(cls, value) def __repr__(self): return 'b' + super(newbytes, self).__repr__() def __str__(self): return 'b' + "'{0}'".format(super(newbytes, self).__str__()) def __getitem__(self, y): value = super(newbytes, self).__getitem__(y) if isinstance(y, Integral): return ord(value) else: return newbytes(value) def __getslice__(self, *args): return self.__getitem__(slice(*args)) def __contains__(self, key): if isinstance(key, int): newbyteskey = newbytes([key]) # Don't use isinstance() here because we only want to catch # newbytes, not Python 2 str: elif type(key) == newbytes: newbyteskey = key else: newbyteskey = newbytes(key) return issubset(list(newbyteskey), list(self)) @no(unicode) def __add__(self, other): return newbytes(super(newbytes, self).__add__(other)) @no(unicode) def __radd__(self, left): return newbytes(left) + self @no(unicode) def __mul__(self, other): return newbytes(super(newbytes, self).__mul__(other)) @no(unicode) def __rmul__(self, other): return newbytes(super(newbytes, self).__rmul__(other)) def join(self, iterable_of_bytes): errmsg = 'sequence item {0}: expected bytes, {1} found' if isbytes(iterable_of_bytes) or istext(iterable_of_bytes): raise TypeError(errmsg.format(0, type(iterable_of_bytes))) for i, item in enumerate(iterable_of_bytes): if istext(item): raise TypeError(errmsg.format(i, type(item))) return newbytes(super(newbytes, self).join(iterable_of_bytes)) @classmethod def fromhex(cls, string): # Only on Py2: return cls(string.replace(' ', '').decode('hex')) @no(unicode) def find(self, sub, *args): return super(newbytes, self).find(sub, *args) @no(unicode) def rfind(self, sub, *args): return super(newbytes, self).rfind(sub, *args) @no(unicode, (1, 2)) def replace(self, old, new, *args): return newbytes(super(newbytes, self).replace(old, new, *args)) def encode(self, *args): raise AttributeError("encode method has been disabled in newbytes") def decode(self, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'): """ Returns a newstr (i.e. unicode subclass) Decode B using the codec registered for encoding. Default encoding is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace' as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. """ # Py2 str.encode() takes encoding and errors as optional parameter, # not keyword arguments as in Python 3 str. from future.types.newstr import newstr if errors == 'surrogateescape': from future.utils.surrogateescape import register_surrogateescape register_surrogateescape() return newstr(super(newbytes, self).decode(encoding, errors)) # This is currently broken: # # We implement surrogateescape error handling here in addition rather # # than relying on the custom error handler from # # future.utils.surrogateescape to be registered globally, even though # # that is fine in the case of decoding. (But not encoding: see the # # comments in newstr.encode()``.) # # if errors == 'surrogateescape': # # Decode char by char # mybytes = [] # for code in self: # # Code is an int # if 0x80 <= code <= 0xFF: # b = 0xDC00 + code # elif code <= 0x7F: # b = _unichr(c).decode(encoding=encoding) # else: # # # It may be a bad byte # # FIXME: What to do in this case? See the Py3 docs / tests. # # # Try swallowing it. # # continue # # print("RAISE!") # raise NotASurrogateError # mybytes.append(b) # return newbytes(mybytes) # return newbytes(super(newstr, self).decode(encoding, errors)) @no(unicode) def startswith(self, prefix, *args): return super(newbytes, self).startswith(prefix, *args) @no(unicode) def endswith(self, prefix, *args): return super(newbytes, self).endswith(prefix, *args) @no(unicode) def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # Py2 str.split() takes maxsplit as an optional parameter, not as a # keyword argument as in Python 3 bytes. parts = super(newbytes, self).split(sep, maxsplit) return [newbytes(part) for part in parts] def splitlines(self, keepends=False): """ B.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of lines Return a list of the lines in B, breaking at line boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and true. """ # Py2 str.splitlines() takes keepends as an optional parameter, # not as a keyword argument as in Python 3 bytes. parts = super(newbytes, self).splitlines(keepends) return [newbytes(part) for part in parts] @no(unicode) def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # Py2 str.rsplit() takes maxsplit as an optional parameter, not as a # keyword argument as in Python 3 bytes. parts = super(newbytes, self).rsplit(sep, maxsplit) return [newbytes(part) for part in parts] @no(unicode) def partition(self, sep): parts = super(newbytes, self).partition(sep) return tuple(newbytes(part) for part in parts) @no(unicode) def rpartition(self, sep): parts = super(newbytes, self).rpartition(sep) return tuple(newbytes(part) for part in parts) @no(unicode, (1,)) def rindex(self, sub, *args): ''' S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. ''' pos = self.rfind(sub, *args) if pos == -1: raise ValueError('substring not found') @no(unicode) def index(self, sub, *args): ''' Returns index of sub in bytes. Raises ValueError if byte is not in bytes and TypeError if can't be converted bytes or its length is not 1. ''' if isinstance(sub, int): if len(args) == 0: start, end = 0, len(self) elif len(args) == 1: start = args[0] elif len(args) == 2: start, end = args else: raise TypeError('takes at most 3 arguments') return list(self)[start:end].index(sub) if not isinstance(sub, bytes): try: sub = self.__class__(sub) except (TypeError, ValueError): raise TypeError("can't convert sub to bytes") try: return super(newbytes, self).index(sub, *args) except ValueError: raise ValueError('substring not found') def __eq__(self, other): if isinstance(other, (_builtin_bytes, bytearray)): return super(newbytes, self).__eq__(other) else: return False def __ne__(self, other): if isinstance(other, _builtin_bytes): return super(newbytes, self).__ne__(other) else: return True unorderable_err = 'unorderable types: bytes() and {0}' def __lt__(self, other): if not isbytes(other): raise TypeError(self.unorderable_err.format(type(other))) return super(newbytes, self).__lt__(other) def __le__(self, other): if not isbytes(other): raise TypeError(self.unorderable_err.format(type(other))) return super(newbytes, self).__le__(other) def __gt__(self, other): if not isbytes(other): raise TypeError(self.unorderable_err.format(type(other))) return super(newbytes, self).__gt__(other) def __ge__(self, other): if not isbytes(other): raise TypeError(self.unorderable_err.format(type(other))) return super(newbytes, self).__ge__(other) def __native__(self): # We can't just feed a newbytes object into str(), because # newbytes.__str__() returns e.g. "b'blah'", consistent with Py3 bytes. return super(newbytes, self).__str__() def __getattribute__(self, name): """ A trick to cause the ``hasattr`` builtin-fn to return False for the 'encode' method on Py2. """ if name in ['encode', u'encode']: raise AttributeError("encode method has been disabled in newbytes") return super(newbytes, self).__getattribute__(name) @no(unicode) def rstrip(self, bytes_to_strip=None): """ Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument. If the argument is omitted, strip trailing ASCII whitespace. """ return newbytes(super(newbytes, self).rstrip(bytes_to_strip)) @no(unicode) def strip(self, bytes_to_strip=None): """ Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument. If the argument is omitted, strip trailing ASCII whitespace. """ return newbytes(super(newbytes, self).strip(bytes_to_strip)) def lower(self): """ b.lower() -> copy of b Return a copy of b with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase. """ return newbytes(super(newbytes, self).lower()) @no(unicode) def upper(self): """ b.upper() -> copy of b Return a copy of b with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase. """ return newbytes(super(newbytes, self).upper()) @classmethod @no(unicode) def maketrans(cls, frm, to): """ B.maketrans(frm, to) -> translation table Return a translation table (a bytes object of length 256) suitable for use in the bytes or bytearray translate method where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at the same position in to. The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length. """ return newbytes(string.maketrans(frm, to)) __all__ = ['newbytes']