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Use import dbm d = dbm.open(file, 'w', 0o666) The returned object is a dbm.gnu, dbm.ndbm or dbm.dumb object, dependent on the type of database being opened (determined by the whichdb function) in the case of an existing dbm. If the dbm does not exist and the create or new flag ('c' or 'n') was specified, the dbm type will be determined by the availability of the modules (tested in the above order). It has the following interface (key and data are strings): d[key] = data # store data at key (may override data at # existing key) data = d[key] # retrieve data at key (raise KeyError if no # such key) del d[key] # delete data stored at key (raises KeyError # if no such key) flag = key in d # true if the key exists list = d.keys() # return a list of all existing keys (slow!) Future versions may change the order in which implementations are tested for existence, and add interfaces to other dbm-like implementations. """ __all__ = ['open', 'whichdb', 'error'] import io import os import struct import sys class error(Exception): pass _names = ['dbm.gnu', 'dbm.ndbm', 'dbm.dumb'] _defaultmod = None _modules = {} error = (error, OSError) try: from dbm import ndbm except ImportError: ndbm = None def open(file, flag='r', mode=0o666): """Open or create database at path given by *file*. Optional argument *flag* can be 'r' (default) for read-only access, 'w' for read-write access of an existing database, 'c' for read-write access to a new or existing database, and 'n' for read-write access to a new database. Note: 'r' and 'w' fail if the database doesn't exist; 'c' creates it only if it doesn't exist; and 'n' always creates a new database. """ global _defaultmod if _defaultmod is None: for name in _names: try: mod = __import__(name, fromlist=['open']) except ImportError: continue if not _defaultmod: _defaultmod = mod _modules[name] = mod if not _defaultmod: raise ImportError("no dbm clone found; tried %s" % _names) # guess the type of an existing database, if not creating a new one result = whichdb(file) if 'n' not in flag else None if result is None: # db doesn't exist or 'n' flag was specified to create a new db if 'c' in flag or 'n' in flag: # file doesn't exist and the new flag was used so use default type mod = _defaultmod else: raise error[0]("need 'c' or 'n' flag to open new db") elif result == "": # db type cannot be determined raise error[0]("db type could not be determined") elif result not in _modules: raise error[0]("db type is {0}, but the module is not " "available".format(result)) else: mod = _modules[result] return mod.open(file, flag, mode) def whichdb(filename): """Guess which db package to use to open a db file. Return values: - None if the database file can't be read; - empty string if the file can be read but can't be recognized - the name of the dbm submodule (e.g. "ndbm" or "gnu") if recognized. Importing the given module may still fail, and opening the database using that module may still fail. """ # Check for ndbm first -- this has a .pag and a .dir file try: f = io.open(filename + ".pag", "rb") f.close() f = io.open(filename + ".dir", "rb") f.close() return "dbm.ndbm" except OSError: # some dbm emulations based on Berkeley DB generate a .db file # some do not, but they should be caught by the bsd checks try: f = io.open(filename + ".db", "rb") f.close() # guarantee we can actually open the file using dbm # kind of overkill, but since we are dealing with emulations # it seems like a prudent step if ndbm is not None: d = ndbm.open(filename) d.close() return "dbm.ndbm" except OSError: pass # Check for dumbdbm next -- this has a .dir and a .dat file try: # First check for presence of files os.stat(filename + ".dat") size = os.stat(filename + ".dir").st_size # dumbdbm files with no keys are empty if size == 0: return "dbm.dumb" f = io.open(filename + ".dir", "rb") try: if f.read(1) in (b"'", b'"'): return "dbm.dumb" finally: f.close() except OSError: pass # See if the file exists, return None if not try: f = io.open(filename, "rb") except OSError: return None with f: # Read the start of the file -- the magic number s16 = f.read(16) s = s16[0:4] # Return "" if not at least 4 bytes if len(s) != 4: return "" # Convert to 4-byte int in native byte order -- return "" if impossible try: (magic,) = struct.unpack("=l", s) except struct.error: return "" # Check for GNU dbm if magic in (0x13579ace, 0x13579acd, 0x13579acf): return "dbm.gnu" # Later versions of Berkeley db hash file have a 12-byte pad in # front of the file type try: (magic,) = struct.unpack("=l", s16[-4:]) except struct.error: return "" # Unknown return "" if __name__ == "__main__": for filename in sys.argv[1:]: print(whichdb(filename) or "UNKNOWN", filename)